Chaos theory equation tattoo. Whatever equation you get there's bound to be a more elegant way to formulate it, so no tattoo for me. Chaos theory equation tattoo

 
 Whatever equation you get there's bound to be a more elegant way to formulate it, so no tattoo for meChaos theory equation tattoo  The reader might have a propensity to believe that the term may be the real culprit rendering the complexity

question is if. He is often described as a polymath, and in mathematics as "The Last Universalist", since he excelled in all fields of the discipline as. From the literature survey, it has been observed that non-linear techniques remain a black box for most of the authors who preferred to use linear filtering, feature. From $18. The simulations were governed by a set of differential equations, and each simulation had to be started off by a set of initial. Jan 4, 2023 - The Lorenz system is a system of ordinary differential equations first studied by mathematician and meteorologist Edward Lorenz. Dans le document Chaos Theory Tamed (Page 173-178) This chapter looks at various nonlinear equations that can give rise to chaos. The initial conditions for x and z were kept the same but those for y were changed between 1. From Cymatics by Hans Jenny. It can effectively realize the transfer of noise energy to signal energy instead of simply suppressing noise. The equation looked like this: X n+1 = rx n (1 - x n) where r equals the driving parameter, the factor that causes the population to change, and x n represents the population of the species. Shop. Loved this equation the chaos born from known properties. A simple analogy would be the "emergence" of a velocity equation by differentiating the position equation, and an acceleration equation from a velocity equation. edu. The butterfly effect is an underlying aspect of chaos. 1). Chaos Theory. The logistic equation usually refers to the differential equation. Not because of the choice of axioms or some of the results, but due to the. Baudelaire sanctions the fundamental views expressed in Poe’s The Poetic. Fractal TattooChaos theory is demonstrated in this image, which was created with a long exposure of light at the end of a double pendulum. Geynman Diagram Physics Tattoo On Arm. In this case, the dynamical system. in around 1930 and it was based on so-called "qualitative theory of differential equations. The first real experiment in chaos theory was conducted by a meteorologist, Edward Lorenz. For small values of r r, there’s a single, stable equilibrium at the origin. Apr 27, 2022 - Complex natural systems defy analysis using a standard mathematical toolkit, so one ecologist is throwing out the equations. Lorenz's computer model distilled the complex behavior of Earth's atmosphere into 12 equations -- an oversimplification if there ever was one. 00001. This syllabus section provides the course description, an outline of course topics, and. It describes a process evolving through time — xt+1, the level of some quantity x in the next time period — is given by the formula on the right, and it depends on xt,. Bernard Forgues. Read the 20th-anniversary edition of this best-selling now-classic work (published in every major language). Start with a fixed value of the driving parameter, r, and an initial value of x0. Kolmogorov, M. A Twisted Path to Equation-Free Prediction | Quanta Magazine Complex natural systems defy analysis using a standard mathematical toolkit, so one ecologist is throwing out the equations. It represents that particular moment in which I met her, but more broadly, these kind of events that show you how insignificant your control over situations you never thought deeply about. [3]May 8, 2021 - Explore Michael Conroy's board "Physics tattoos" on Pinterest. Chaos, or exponential sensitivity to small perturbations, appears everywhere in nature. It is clear the subject continues to attract a great deal of attention among scientists in the scientific community. it is a mathematically generated pattern that can be reproducible at any magnification or reduction. principles of physical science. Chaos theory explains that within the visible randomness of complex, chaotic systems, there are inherent repetition, patterns, self-organisation, interconnectedness, self-similarity, and constant feedback loops. More aptly, for example, is there any known way in which the Navier-Stokes equation can "emerge" from the equations of Schrödinger, Pauli or Dirac (or even the equations of. Bubble Chamber Physics Tattoo On Forearm. "Chaos" is a tricky thing to define. If one maintains the swing of a pendulum by tapping it. By adding parameters and recursive iterations, the level of. A chaos tattoo is a reminder that no matter how much we try to plan and organize our lives, there will always be an element of the unknown. Here, two series of x and y values diverge markedly over time from a tiny initial difference. of chaos theory. How a double pendulum. C. The archetype of all theories of dynamics is that of Newton, concerning celestial motions. The discrete sine map was added as a nonlinear function to the jerk equation and approximated using the Taylor series expansion. Methods of Qualitative Theory in Nonlinear Dynamics. L. The concept of linear chaos is introduced with an example in Section 3. 95[x(n)][1-x(n)] is chaotic because it is deterministic, as can be seen by the multiplication of the previous term in the equation. The purpose of the present chapter is once again to show on concrete new examples that chaos in one-dimensional unimodal mappings, dynamical chaos in systems of ordinary differential equations, diffusion chaos in systems of the equations with partial derivatives and chaos in Hamiltonian and conservative systems are generated by. Chaos is an exception in the world of nonlinear dynamics. e. xm×n } are produced by two one-dimensional logistic maps. University of Bristol. The equation begins by an arbitrary choice of a starting point. Topics: Security. The critical value for r that is required to produce chaos is r > 24 (Figure 04). Improve this answer. The classic example of such a system is a fluid with temperature gradients in space causing heat to flow from hotter regions to colder ones, by the. Chemistry is one of the ancient branches of science that evolved from alchemy. m. That way, you'll still be happy with the artwork itself even if your mathematical interests. Crossref Medline Google Scholar; 14 Goldberger AL. What, you may ask, is the big deal about the logistic equation?2+2=5. Chaos theory is a part of mathematics. The birth of the modern age of Chaos is commonly referred to the work. Newton's first law expresses the principle of inertia: the natural behavior of a body is to move in a straight line at constant speed. The left hand side of this equation describes the helical trajectory F 2 (t) = {x 2 (t) + y 2 (t) + [z (t) - r - ] 2 } / 2. edu. On the LM page, you'll find bifurcation diagrams at various scales. Other topics from: Hamiltonian systems, periodic and almost periodic systems, integral manifolds, Lyapunov functions, bifurcations, homoclinic points and chaos theory. It was discovered by Feigenbaum in 1975 (Feigenbaum 1979) while studying the fixed points of the iterated function f(x)=1-mu|x|^r, (1) and characterizes the geometric approach of the bifurcation parameter to its limiting value as the parameter mu. Non-linear dynamics for clinicians: chaos theory, fractals, and complexity at the bedside. Sep 10, 2010. ” But the weather is a large scale effect, which Newtonian physics should be able to handle. Next, several basic properties and concepts of chaotic systems are described, including attractors, bifurcations, interaction and interdependence, state phase and phase space, and fractals. Unlike the Mandelbrot set, the function on the Julia set is “choatic”. Complex implies just that, nonlinear implies recursion and higher mathematical algorithms, and dynamic implies nonconstant and nonperiodic. By tnbvietnam. 0. He answered her, ‘ (∂ + m) ps = 0’ This is the equation of Dirac. In Developments in Agricultural Engineering, 2001. Published by Irfan Bashir on July 24, 2021 Table of Contents An Experiment in Chaos Theory Chaos Theory Explained: The Science of Chaos What Is Chaos. Mathematical Shapes. Based on the above assumptions, a weakly nonlinear modulation equation for a ( x, t) was derived in Ref. 001, 1. Chaos:Classical and Quantum Predrag Cvitanovic´ – Roberto Artuso – Ronnie Mainieri – Gregor Tanner –. right in the palm of your hand. \ [f (z) = z^2 + c\] for some constant \ (c\). Cinema 4d. from such a simple equation. Chaos theory, in mechanics and mathematics, the study of apparently random or unpredictable behavior in systems governed by deterministic laws. Examples of such systems include population growth, turbulent fluids, and the motion of the planet's. The term catastrophe, derived from the French in this usage, refers to the abrupt nature of the. The first equation consists of a 2-variable, double. It was written by Paul Cull, Mary Flahive, and Robby Robson, and published by Springer. Try a Temporary Tattoo. S. (Gregory Bull/AP) There is an iconic scene in “Jurassic Park” where Jeff Goldblum explains chaos theory. Scientists have tracked the fishery there since 1948, through numerous upswings and downswings. Lorenz equations used to generate plots for the y variable. The Pythagorean Theorem. 1. To say that a system is chaotic means that there is a deterministic rule for its future evolution, but that small differences in initial conditions grow exponentially quickly over time. 0001 and 1. Chaos theory was developed by inputs of various mathematicians and scientists; its applications are found in a large number of scientific fields. It is often described by fractal mathematics, which captures the infinite complexity of nature. The basic concepts of the mathematical theory of chaos are presented through a brief analysis of some interesting dynamical systems in one-, two- and three-dimensional space. A process called Newton’s method says you should start with any guess — let’s say 3 — and plug it into the function f ( x) = x 2 + 1 x . First, a brief account of the definition and history of the development of chaos theory is presented. In the second equation, a transitio between two different types of horseshoe chaos (spiral chaos and screw chaos) is possible. Benoit B. Chaos theory has shown us that it's impossible to predict with certainty what will happen in the future. 1996; 347:1312–1314. Patience and a skilled portrait tattoo artist are prerequisites for this realistically rendered design. Each of these scientists contributed to the science of chaos theory. This system demonstrates chaos theory and how small variations lead to large changes. The table shows the equation with three different starting values: 0. The article in which he. Mathematicians Prove 2D Version of Quantum Gravity Really Works. Update images of chaos theory equation tattoo by website in. Strange attractors are also coupled with the notion of chaos and sensitive independance on initial conditions, in that one cannot predict where on the attractor the system will be in the future. Cite. Snapshot 2: convergence on a 2-cycle. The general idea behind chaos theory is that we perfectly know the equations behind a given system's behaviour, but that any deviation in the initial conditions, no matter how ridiculously small, will grow over time and end up taking over the entire system's behaviour. F. 1. It is this: xt+1 = rxt (1-xt). 7. Chemistry Equation Tattoo. Lyubov Chumakova, used with permission). Like having a heart attack. The values for. Rössler attractor as a stereogram with , , The Rössler attractor / ˈrɒslər / is the attractor for the Rössler system, a system of three non-linear ordinary differential equations originally studied by Otto Rössler in the 1970s. More like this. I decided a cool thing to get would be a bifurcation diagram showing the period doubling route to chaos. dynamical systems that are highly sensitive to initial conditions- an. Click here to start using LastPass: video presented on Veritasium used the following equation to describe an example of this type of miraculous mathematical paradox. Along with great metaphorical. Chaotic maps often occur in the study of dynamical systems . Many accounts of chaos theory trace its beginning to an event that occurred in the early 1960s. The period. Based on the chaos theory [Reference Letellier 11], the global modelling technique [Reference Gouesbet and Letellier 12– Reference Mangiarotti 15] offers an interesting alternative with respect to other approaches. Divide each number in the sequence by. (and any information) easy to share and interact with. It describes a process evolving through time — x t + 1, the level of some quantity x in the next time period — is given by the formula on the right, and it depends on x t, the level of x right now. In the absence of outside influences, a body's motion preserves the status quo. 0001, and 1. A very small change may make the system behave completely differently. Catastrophe theory was developed by the French mathematician René Thom in the 1960s and popularized in the 1970s. Chaos theory is the study of deterministic difference (differential) equations that display sensitive dependence upon initial conditions (SDIC) in such a way as to generate time paths that look random. and on into infinity. Am Heart J. The initial conditions for x and z were kept the same but those for y were changed between 1. ( You can use Windows Calculator set to scientific mode) 1. This comes from the discrete-time dynamical system. 31. Chaos Theory, a combination of conceptual, mathematical and geometric methods, deals with nonlinear, complex and dynamic systems characterized by its fractal structure (Gokmen, 2009; Tuna-Orhan, 2013). This Shirt Is Blue, If you Run Fast Enough- Funny Physics Joke Essential T-Shirt. In physics and mathematics, in the area of dynamical systems, an elastic pendulum (also called spring pendulum or swinging spring) is a physical system where a piece of mass is connected to a spring so that the resulting motion contains elements of both a simple pendulum and a one-dimensional spring-mass system. 5 Elements. This study applies Chaos. 0001, and 1. e. There are also images related toChaos Theory: A mathematical concept that explains that it is possible to get random results from normal equations. 1 Since the publication of that best seller in 1987, the term ―chaos‖ has become a trendy word, and the title of the leading chapter. Robert May's theory is more recent, dating from 1975. All this cool stuff happens due to properties of. Am Heart J. Hand-poked entropy word tattoo design. ) Jump to:Details images of schrodinger equation tattoo by website vova. The paper ends in Section 6 with the caveat. However, combining the regeneration rate and connecting the future term with the current term actually generates the platform. The Pythagorean Theorem. At the beginning of the 18th century, physicists like Isaac Newton thought that the universe was a giant clockwork machine. Wang LaGuardia Community College of the City University of New York The general public has been made aware of the research field of Chaos by the book of that title by James Gleick. X kx t 1 (1 x) growth rate, k=(-7) k ªº¬¼7 xt 2 t 1 q 7s But, s E t E t sin u T s critical1/ 1/ 4/3 0. This is definitely a tattoo idea for people who like. in this study (and other earlier papers) are trying to get a handle on the question posed. 494–c. The use of the pi symbol in this context is derived from its use in. Shen et al. Crossref Medline Google Scholar; 14 Goldberger AL. See more ideas about chaos theory, chaos, theories. Chaos Theory is a mathematical sub-discipline that studies complex systems. While nonlinear difierential equations are a natural place in physics for chaos to occur, the mathematically simpler iteration of nonlin-ear functions provides a quicker entry to chaos theory, which we will pursue flrst in Section 33. It looks at certain systems that are very sensitive. In this paper, a novel combination of deep learning recurrent neural network and Lyapunov time is proposed to forecast the consumption of electricity load, in Greece, in normal/abrupt change value areas. Chaos theory presents the 1st Transdisciplinary understanding of bifurcation and transformational change. I have an idea for the perfect quantum physics tattoo. Almost everyone remembers how "Jurassic Park" treated chaos, with self-proclaimed chaotician Ian Malcolm letting. It's often. Causes: bad night's sleep. In the mathematics of dynamical systems, the double-scroll attractor (sometimes known as Chua's attractor) is a strange attractor observed from a physical electronic chaotic circuit (generally, Chua's circuit) with a single nonlinear resistor (see Chua's diode ). 00001. One then runs the equation recursively, obtaining x1, x2 , . A complex quadratic polynomial is a standard quadratic equation where the variable involved can be a complex number. He first observed the phenomenon as early as 1961 and, as a matter of irony, he discovered by chance what would be called later the chaos theory, in 1963, while making calculations with uncontrolled approximations aiming at predicting the weather. Finally we establish the idea of control of chaos. Jun 28, 2019 - Explore Tom Robinson's board "Chaos theory" on Pinterest. His companions have walked ahead toward the. mathematics resource. |state=expanded: { {Chaos theory|state=expanded}} to show the template expanded, i. The equation x(n+1)=3. Minimum complexity of a chaotic system Bifurcation diagram of the logistic map x → r x (1 – x). In IT (information technology), chaos theory has applications in many areas including networking, big data analytics , fuzzy logic , business intelligence ( BI ),. in around 1930 and it was based on so-called "qualitative theory of differential equations. linear equations for this purpose. Even so, this system and its motions are complex and extremely intriguing. R. The fern is one of the basic examples of self-similar sets, i. A small perturbation in the initial setup of a chaotic system may lead to. Chaos theory, in mechanics and mathematics, the study of apparently random or unpredictable behavior in systems governed by deterministic laws. Image of a strange attractor. Pythagoras (c. 893, and 0. Apr 14, 2018 - Explore Amy Stephens Wulfekuhl's board "chaos tattoo" on Pinterest. effect that. “Prior to Poincaré, mathematicians studying dynamics, i. Brown, Int. In Prelude, published in 1988, Asimov dis-Chaos Theory and the Logistic Map. . Understanding the interplay of order and disorder in chaos is a central challenge in modern quantitative science. Chaos Theory. Including tattoos. [23, 24] Chaos is an irregular and random-like. While John von Neumann had suggested. As can be seen from the graph, even the slightest. Moreover, based on joint interpretations of PAL2v and Chaos Theory, fundamental equations are created called “ParaCaos equations”. This was discovered by the North American theoretical meteorologist, Edward Norton Lorenz (1938-2008). vn compilation. This code was developed for this YouTube video from Veritasium. 13 Denton TA, Diamond GA, Helfant RH, Khan S, Karagueuzian H. By dorthymala. I was so nerdy at university that I founded the maths club. Difference Equations: From Rabbits to Chaos is an undergraduate-level textbook on difference equations, a type of recurrence relation in which the values of a sequence are determined by equations involving differences of successive terms of the sequence. A double pendulum is simply two pendulums connected end to end. Chaotic systems are complex systems which belong to the class of deterministic dynamical systems. Chaos Theory, at its core, is a mathematical sub-discipline that explores the behaviors of dynamical systems that are highly sensitive to initial conditions. The entire financial market is a chaotic unpredictable complex system that is inherently chaotic and constantly on the move from order to disorder and back. Oct 15, 2010 #123 radou. The theory developed in ChaosBook part II Chaos rules is here to challenge a seasoned theorist. 84. Dizzying forms of chaos emerge from these mappings, but there is an irony--the chaotic behavior can be characterized in an orderly way. Chaos evokes images of the dinosaurs running wild in Jurassic Park, or my friend's toddler ravaging the living room. Chaos. Chaos Theory is the name mathematicians have come up with to describe the very complex way the world works. It produces at least three types of chaos: Lorenzian chaos, "sandwich" chaos. . Drake Equation Of Physics Tattoo On Forearm. Researchers have used machine learning to predict the chaotic evolution of a model flame front. It describes the models and implementation ideas. In fact, it is much easier to list properties that a system described as "chaotic" has rather than to give a precise definition of chaos. A plot of the Lorenz attractor for values r = 28, σ = 10, b = 8/3. 33 Comments. states, chaos theory is the qualitative study of unstable aperiodic behavior in deterministic nonlinear dynamical systems. Equations are ordered, elegant mathematical constructs used to describe specific patterns. 001, 1. Causes: a soccer team loses the world cup. The purpose of this talk is twofold. For example, a butterfly flapping its wings that causes a slight wind that causes a leaf to fall into an electrical device that causes a fire that causes a political. 2. Chaos theory is a field of study in mathematics, with applications in several disciplines including physics, engineering, economics, biology, and philosophy. equation to study chaos theory, we use simple . In factorized form, y = ax (1-x) Now let us rewrite this non-linear quadratic equation. This was a new one on me. Jules Henri Poincaré (UK: / ˈ p w æ̃ k ɑːr eɪ /, US: / ˌ p w æ̃ k ɑː ˈ r eɪ /; French: [ɑ̃ʁi pwɛ̃kaʁe] ⓘ; 29 April 1854 – 17 July 1912) was a French mathematician, theoretical physicist, engineer, and philosopher of science. However, for very large value of r such as r = 400, all solutions become periodical again (see Figure 08). Inverse Square Law Physics Tattoo On Forearm. He referred to himself as a "fractalist" and is recognized. Chaos theory is the study of non-linear systems that are impossible to predict or control. We. Replacing the logistic equation (dx)/(dt)=rx(1-x) (1) with the quadratic recurrence equation x_(n+1)=rx_n(1-x_n), (2) where r (sometimes also denoted mu) is a positive constant sometimes known as the "biotic potential" gives the so-called logistic map. 1 Dynamical Systems and Determinism. , a continuous-time dynamical system which gives you a function x ( t), t ∈ R, given an initial value x ( 0). I'd get a t-shirt with bubble chamber designs on it, but never a tattoo of it. chaos theory: A field of research in math and physics that studies the patterns of dynamic — or chaotic — systems to better understand and predict their behavior. Comments. Pioneering Australian scientist Robert May, whose work in biology led to the development of chaos theory, has died at age 84. Chaos theory aims to find the general order of social systems and particularly social systems that are similar to each other. Chaos theory is a complicated mathematical theory that studies the unpredictable and random nature of complex systems. xn+1 = rxn(1−xn), x n + 1 = r x n ( 1 − x n), where r r is a parameter you can vary. 6. 1. Birkhoff, A. 4 Proposed Method 3. Limit Cycles and Bifurcations: Poincare-Bendixson Theorem, Fixed Point Bifurcations Revisited and Hopf Bifurcations. 1990; 120:1419–1440. The equation x(n+1)=3. , hidden apart from its title bar. D. The sockeye salmon that spawn in British Columbia’s Fraser River offer a prime example. A tattoo of equations and stuff like that just makes it look like you're trying too hard to look smart. Snapshot 3: convergence on a 4-cycle. Chaos Theory. ” Sounds messy. Suppose you want to calculate the square root of 2 with only a simple calculator. The so-called butterfly effect has become one of the most popular images of chaos. The Lorenz Attractor is a strange attractor, which means the equation is non-periodic, as thus never repeats itself. This equation is May’s logistic map. And the butterfly effect, also known as. For chaos theory is the study of orderly patterns in turbulent, erratic, or dynamical systems. Though chaotic systems had been recognized (but not defined) throughout. Physica D, 57 (3) (1992), pp. But the MIT scientist needed. See more ideas about chaos tattoo, chaos, symbolic tattoos. Dice And Physics Tattoo. Color one of the vertices red, the second blue, and the third green. Edward Lorenz coined the term after he hypothesized that a distant butterfly’s flapping wings could set off a complex series of events, leading to a tornado somewhere else. 95[x(n)][1-x(n)] is chaotic because it is deterministic, as can be seen by the multiplication of the previous term in the equation. The purpose of1. Jul 20, 2011 at 7:38. Chaos Theory and Creativity. Iterating this equation produces regions of distinct values, involving period doubling, as well as regions of chaos. Snapshot 1: convergence on a fixed point. Chaos theory is a complex mathematical theory that attempts to explain. An interesting and valuable one, but also one confined to narrow windows of parameter space and only certain dynamical systems. (I) Topics to be covered: basic existence and uniqueness theory, systems of equations, stability, differential inequalities, Poincare-Bendixon theory, linearization. It is the study of the behaviour of dynamic systems. 267 101. By Phil Dooley. Top 119+ schrodinger equation tattoo super hot. A projection in the x-y plane of this attractor is: Another strange attractor, created recursively, is the Hénon attractor: Chaos and Fractals. Most scientific domains deal with predictable models, such as gravity, chemical reactions and electricity. The golden age of chaos theory Felgenbaum and the logistic map. Inspiration from Chaos in Jurassic Park: I was reading the Jurassic Park novel from 1990 for the first time and came across this interesting passage where Dr. Not an equation, but I actually got the dynkin diagram for E8 IRL! I imagine there's someone who really hates their Maxwell's equation tattoo since someone told them that dF=0 and d*F=j. In new computer experiments, artificial-intelligence algorithms can tell the future of chaotic systems. They are detected and used in a lot of fields for control or forecasting. Click here to start using LastPass: A video presented on Veritasium used the following equation to describe an example of this type of miraculous mathematical paradox. The question then arises — why does a set of completely deterministic equations exhibit this behavior? Chaos Theory. The assumption here is that the unpredictability in a system can be represented as overall behavior, which gives some amount of predictability, even when the system is unstable. This. A sample solution in the Lorenz attractor when ρ = 28, σ = 10, and β = 8 / 3. Chaos theory involves learning about processes and dynamic relationships such that small disturbances amplify in the system creating unstable behaviors, while somehow in this chaos the stable patterns emerge. D. What is the chaos theory equation? 16. F. Chaos, from the Greek khaos, “abyss, that which gapes wide open, that which is vast and empty”, is a relatively young scientific discipline, which however has old and important roots, dating back (at least) to James Clerk Maxwell in 1860 and Henry Poincaré in 1890. Sometimes ecological data just don’t make sense. davidope for Quanta Magazine. Examples include the mathematical models that describe the swinging of a clock pendulum, the flow of. Moreover, chaos is predicted to play diverse functional roles in living systems. 1990 by "chaos theory". I even have a tattoo they represents the symbol on my left shoulder. . They want to know if the chaos that Lorenz (definition 2) found in his early toy weather model, which led to the accepted concept that “weather is chaotic” meant that weather (as we experience it in the real world day-to-day, week-to-week and month. . g. In particular, the Lorenz attractor is a set of chaotic solutions of the Lorenz system. Overall, chaos theory enables us to embrace all the weirdness of life rather than suppressing it. The content is structured to be of general interest to undergraduates in engineering and science. It is notable. With the equations obtained by the method of PAL2v analysis in Chaos Theory, there arises significant ways of research about the behavior and stability of chaotic systems. Chaos has potential applications in several functional blocks of a digital communication system: compression, encryption and modulation. By gboeing. vn September 22, 2023 Details images of schrodinger equation tattoo by website tnbvietnam. The double pendulum phase space plot from the section on the double pendulum shows extremely chaotic behavior. This strange branch of. Chaos Theory is, in effect, the science of surprises, the. We. Roopnarine, in Encyclopedia of Ecology, 2008 Catastrophe theory is a mathematical framework that deals with discontinuous transitions between the states of a system, given smooth variation of the underlying parameters. . In this chapter, the phenomenon of alternate bearing is dealt with by the three methods.